Main Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
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Remarks | Preyed upon by Atlantic cod and white hake. Parasites of the species include trichodinid protozoans on gills and coccidian, Eimeria gadi on swim bladder (Ref. 5951). See also Ref. 8999. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Keats, D.W. and D.H. Steele, 1990 |
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Associations | solitary; schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Having individual burrows (Ref. 32739). Larvae only drift and showed no evidence of vertical migration (Ref. 86779). Little known on behavior; local migrations inshore in autumn and offshore in spring (Ref. 232). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.), 1986 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.), 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.53 | 3.45 | 0.19 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
From individual food items | 3.29 | 0.59 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |