Main Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
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Remarks | Occur in shallow neritic areas, over muddy bottoms (Ref. 5217). Also found in brackish estuaries and juveniles are common in lagoons and hyper-saline bays (Ref. 5217) and coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Form large schools close to the shore (Ref. 9987). Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Martin, F.D. and J.W. Patus, 1984 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Austin, H. and S. Austin, 1971 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.49 | 0.32 | 3.85 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.98 | 0.77 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |