Main Ref. | Maksimenko, V.V., 1985 |
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Remarks | Occurs in shallow coastal waters (Ref. 1371). Enters rivers and may go considerable distances upstream, but usually remaining within regions of tidal influence (Ref. 1371, 27547). Adults exhibit seasonal movements: inshore during winter for purposes of spawning and offshore during summer for feeding (Ref. 1371). Juveniles and adults are opportunistic epibenthic feeders; juveniles feed on fish and small benthic crustaceans (Ref. 1371). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Maksimenko, V.V., 1985 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Maksimenko, V.V., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.10 | 0.58 | 4.03 | 0.66 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.78 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Craig, P.C. and L. Haldorson, 1981 |