Main Ref. | Hulley, P.A., 1986 |
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Remarks | Oceanic and mesopelagic, found in the upper 100 m south of the Antarctic Polar Front but deeper northwards (Ref. 4066). Adults take more euphausiids and also prey upon polychaetes. The diet of juveniles of less than 6 cm SL consists mainly of copepods, with some euphausiids and hyperiids. A fundamental species in the pelagic ecosystem of Southern Oceans because of its considerable biomass (Ref. 45488). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Kozlov, A.N. and M.I. Terverdiyeva, 1989 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. | Kozlov, A.N. and M.I. Terverdiyeva, 1989 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.21 | 0.35 | 3.10 | 0.20 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.14 | 0.39 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Pusch, C., P.A. Hulley and K.-H. Kock, 2004 |