Main Ref. | Domanevskaya, M.V. and F.A. Patokina, 1984 |
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Remarks | Inhabits rocky or sandy bottoms; individuals descending to greater depths with growth. The stocks migrate seasonally between the coast and deeper waters in accordance with local hydrographic conditions and their life cycle. Feeds mainly on fish and crustaceans; the young on plankton (Ref. 3688). A zoophage which is confined mostly in the shelf zone at depths ranging from 30-250 m (Ref. 9039). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Unsworth, R.K., L.M. Nordlund and L.C. Cullen-Unsworth, 2018 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Domanevskaya, M.V. and F.A. Patokina, 1984 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Domanevskaya, M.V. and F.A. Patokina, 1984 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.52 | 0.60 | |||
From individual food items | 3.45 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Domanevskaya, M.V. and F.A. Patokina, 1984 |