Main Ref. | Merriner, J.V., 1975 |
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Remarks | Occurs usually in shallow coastal waters over sand and sandy mud bottoms. Juveniles are euryhaline. During summer the fish move to their nursery and feeding grounds in river estuaries. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and fishes. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | : demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Merriner, J.V., 1975 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.77 | 0.22 | 3.69 | 0.38 | Troph of adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.01 | 0.68 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Hartman, K.J. and S.B. Brandt, 1995 |