Ecology Summary - Clupea pallasii

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Main Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
Remarks	Migrating inshore to breed, but without any strong north-south migrations, the populations being localized. Apparently landlocked populations (races) exist in the lakes of South Sakhalin, eastern Hokkaido and eastern Honshu. Salinity resistance (min. 1.5%) is maximal in newly hatched larvae and fry, and minimal in larvae of 20-30 days old (Ref. 6507). Pelagic and neritic. Schooling species. Moves vertically at the water column, surfacing in the evening and descending at dawn. Found in nearshore areas; in harbors, inlets, bays and brackish estuaries when spawning; and may enter fresh water. Biological anti-freeze enables tolerance to below zero temperatures up to -1.4°C. Feeds on crustaceans, benthic infauna, foraminiferans, plant materials, and fishes (Ref. 117245).

Main Ref.

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985

Remarks

Migrating inshore to breed, but without any strong north-south migrations, the populations being localized. Apparently landlocked populations (races) exist in the lakes of South Sakhalin, eastern Hokkaido and eastern Honshu. Salinity resistance (min. 1.5%) is maximal in newly hatched larvae and fry, and minimal in larvae of 20-30 days old (Ref. 6507). Pelagic and neritic. Schooling species. Moves vertically at the water column, surfacing in the evening and descending at dawn. Found in nearshore areas; in harbors, inlets, bays and brackish estuaries when spawning; and may enter fresh water. Biological anti-freeze enables tolerance to below zero temperatures up to -1.4°C. Feeds on crustaceans, benthic infauna, foraminiferans, plant materials, and fishes (Ref. 117245).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Clupea pallasii may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Pelagic;
Substrate Ref.	Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.	Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018
Associations	schooling;
Associated with	Lethenteron camtschaticum.
Association remarks	Lethenteron camtschaticum found attached to this species.
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.16	0.19			Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies.
From individual food items	3.46	0.53			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988

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