Main Ref. | Teugels, G.G., 1986 |
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Remarks | Inhabits swamps and river mouths. Frequency of occurence in Caprivi: frequently in sandy streams, common in standing deep water, abundant in shallow swamps (Ref. 037065). Feed mainly on fish as well as on detritus, plants and benthic invertebrates especially mollusks (Ref. 248, 12597). Uncommon in the Lake Nyasa basin (Ref. 4967). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate Ref. | |
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Special habitats Ref. |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Winemiller, K.O. and L.C. Kelso-Winemiller, 1996 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Teugels, G.G., 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.30 | 0.46 | 4.14 | 0.68 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.16 | 0.46 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Winemiller, K.O. and L.C. Kelso-Winemiller, 1996 |