Main Ref. | Armitage, R.O., D.A. Payne, G.J. Lockley, H.M. Currie, R.L. Colban, B.G. Lamb and L.J. Paul (eds.), 1994 |
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Remarks | Found from estuaries to edge of continental shelves over sand and sandy shell seabed (Ref. 9258). Reported to be often found in rivers (Ref. 4316). Juveniles may occur in bays (Ref. 33616). Dorsal spine reported to be venomous (Ref. 9771). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Godfriaux, B.L., 1970 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.68 | 0.57 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |