Main Ref. | Hulley, P.A., 1984 |
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Remarks | High-oceanic, epipelagic to mesopelagic, at 375-650 m by day (most common at 500 m); nycto-epipelagic at surface and down to 200 m (Ref. 4775). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hopkins, T.L., T.T. Sutton and T.M. Lancraft, 1996 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. | Gartner, J.V. Jr., R.E. Carbtree and K.J. Sulak, 1997 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.40 | 0.45 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |