Main Ref. | Val, A.L. and V.M.F. de Almeida-Val, 1995 |
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Remarks | Scale-eaters (Ref. 12371). Scale-eating behavior was suggested to originate from modified predation and aggressive behavior (Ref. 28733). Mutilators feeding on larger fishes' scales (Ref. 40396). Ambushes or stalks, mainly with use of plant cover and territorial behavior defending the vicinity of submerged plant clumps (Ref. 40393). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Val, A.L. and V.M.F. de Almeida-Val, 1995 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Sazima, I., 1988 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.20 | 0.49 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |