Ecology Summary - Caranx lugubris

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Main Ref.	Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989
Remarks	An oceanic and insular species, very much restricted to clear oceanic waters (Ref. 9283). Occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Ref. 7300). Not commonly found in shallow banks (Ref. 9283). Sometimes seen near drop-off at outer edge of reefs (Ref. 26938). Key habitat is off reef slopes in waters deeper than 30 m (Ref. 122680). Forms large schools during feeding (Ref. 9283). Feeds on fishes at night (Ref. 5213). Piscivore (Ref. 57615)

Main Ref.

Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989

Remarks

An oceanic and insular species, very much restricted to clear oceanic waters (Ref. 9283). Occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Ref. 7300). Not commonly found in shallow banks (Ref. 9283). Sometimes seen near drop-off at outer edge of reefs (Ref. 26938). Key habitat is off reef slopes in waters deeper than 30 m (Ref. 122680). Forms large schools during feeding (Ref. 9283). Feeds on fishes at night (Ref. 5213). Piscivore (Ref. 57615)

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Caranx lugubris may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Hard Bottom;
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats	Coral Reefs: reef slope/drop-offs;
Special habitats Ref.	Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2006

Associations

Ref.
Associations	schooling;
Associated with	Cleaned by hogfish, Bodianus rufus, as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810).
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Honebrink, R., 1990
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Honebrink, R., 1990

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	4.50	0.80	4.32	0.70	Troph of juv./adults from 1 study.
From individual food items	4.00	0.65			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Randall, J.E., 1967

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