Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
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Remarks | A pelagic (Ref. 26340) schooling species usually found in offshore reefs (Ref. 9710). Juveniles are encountered along shores of sandy beaches, also over muddy bottoms (Ref. 9626). May penetrate into brackish water and ascend rivers. Often approach divers (Ref. 9710). Roving predator which patrol while swimming near the surface or at mid-water, lunging mainly at small fishes. Feed on benthic, rocky dweller fishes (Ref. 43310), shrimps, and other invertebrates (Ref. 3277). Seems to forage mainly at twilight (Ref. 40396). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | : rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.16 | 0.39 | 4.30 | 0.75 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.88 | 0.62 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |