Main Ref. | Livingston, P.A., 1993 |
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Remarks | Found on soft bottoms (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and fishes (Ref. 6885). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Livingston, P.A., 1993 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Livingston, P.A., 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.17 | 0.27 | 4.18 | 0.70 | Troph of juv./adults from 5 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.05 | 0.72 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Yang, M.S. and P.A. Livingston, 1986 |