Main Ref. | Post, A., 1984 |
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Remarks | Pseudoceanic and mesopelagic, occurring singly or in small schools (Ref. 5759), primarily at 200-1000 (Ref. 58302). Feed mainly on fishes and shrimps (Ref. 5759). Spawn in continental slopes and in oceanic banks from northern through tropical to southern temperate waters (Ref. 41668). It is preyed upon by Atlantic cod, Greenland cod, pollock, redfish and seals (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Post, A., 1984 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.22 | 3.13 | 0.24 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
From individual food items | 3.69 | 0.58 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Il'inskiy, E.N., A.A. Balanov and O.A. Ivanov, 1995 |