Main Ref. | Olesiuk, P.F., 1993 |
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Remarks | May occur in large schools near the surface both inshore and offshore, but also buries itself in sand (Ref. 2850). Inshore, found from intertidal to subtidal areas (Ref. 2850). Offshore, found near the surface over deep water (Ref. 2850). Juveniles and adults feed on zooplankton (Ref. 28499). Also feeds on crustaceans, snails and worms (Ref. 58426). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.13 | 0.08 | Troph of juv./adults from 9 studies. | ||
From individual food items | 3.26 | 0.27 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Khudya, V.N., N.A. Fedotova and I.N. Mukhametov, 1996 |