Main Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |
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Remarks | Occurs farther offshore in salinities of 30-36 ppt. Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 57178. Semi-demersal (Ref. 94884). Benthic; feeds on crustaceans and worms (Ref. 58426). Preyed upon by Atlantic cod, haddock, pollock, plaice, yellowtail flounder, seabirds, puffins and harbor seals. Parasites of the species include trematodes, Branchyphallus crenatus, Derogenes varicus and Lecithaster gibbosus; cestodes Bothriocephalus scorpii; a tetraphyllid larva; and a nematode Thynnascaris (Contracaecum) adunca (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Zooplanktivorous, semi-demersal, schooling perciforms that range in the Northwest Atlantic from Greenland to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA (Ref. 94884). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2004 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2004 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.20 | 0.07 | 3.11 | 0.17 | Troph of adults from 3 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.27 | 0.38 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |